192 lines
5.2 KiB
Markdown
192 lines
5.2 KiB
Markdown
# Nginx 反向代理
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## 概述
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Nginx 作为反向代理服务器，承担静态资源服务、API 请求转发、HTTPS 终端等职责。生产环境推荐使用 Nginx 作为前端入口，将 API 请求代理到后端 Django 服务。
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:::tip 架构示意
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```
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客户端 -> Nginx（80/443）
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├─ / -> 前端静态资源（dist/）
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├─ /api/... -> Django 后端（8000）
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├─ /static/ -> Django 静态文件
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└─ /uploads/ -> 上传文件目录
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```
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:::
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## 基础配置
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```nginx
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upstream django_backend {
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server 127.0.0.1:8000;
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keepalive 16;
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}
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server {
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listen 80;
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server_name your-domain.com;
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charset utf-8;
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client_max_body_size 50m;
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# 安全头
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add_header X-Frame-Options "SAMEORIGIN" always;
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add_header X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff" always;
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# Gzip 压缩
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gzip on;
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gzip_min_length 1k;
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gzip_comp_level 6;
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gzip_types text/plain text/css application/json application/javascript text/xml image/svg+xml;
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gzip_vary on;
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# 前端静态资源
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root /data/apps/DjangoAdmin_Django_NaiveVue/ui/dist;
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index index.html;
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location / {
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try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html;
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}
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location /assets/ {
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expires 30d;
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add_header Cache-Control "public, immutable";
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access_log off;
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}
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# API 反向代理
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location /api/ {
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proxy_pass http://django_backend/api/;
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proxy_http_version 1.1;
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proxy_set_header Host $host;
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proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
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proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
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proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
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proxy_set_header Connection "";
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proxy_connect_timeout 60s;
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proxy_read_timeout 120s;
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proxy_send_timeout 60s;
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}
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# Django 静态文件
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location /static/ {
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alias /data/apps/DjangoAdmin_Django_NaiveVue/public/static/;
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expires 30d;
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access_log off;
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}
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# 上传文件访问
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location /uploads/ {
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alias /data/apps/DjangoAdmin_Django_NaiveVue/public/uploads/;
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expires 7d;
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access_log off;
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limit_except GET { deny all; }
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}
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# 禁止访问隐藏文件
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location ~ /\. { deny all; }
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}
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```
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:::tip 配置说明
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- `upstream` + `keepalive`：长连接池减少 TCP 握手开销
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- `location /`：`try_files` 支持 SPA 路由回退
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- `location /api/`：只代理 API 请求，前端静态资源由 Nginx 直接服务
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- `location /static/`：Django 静态文件（collectstatic 收集的文件）
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- `location /uploads/`：用户上传文件，只允许 GET
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- `client_max_body_size 50m`：上传文件大小限制
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- `proxy_read_timeout 120s`：适应大数据量导出等长耗时操作
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:::
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## 部署步骤
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```bash
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# 1. 前端构建
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cd ui && pnpm build
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# 2. 拷贝构建产物
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mkdir -p /data/apps/DjangoAdmin_Django_NaiveVue/ui/dist
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cp -r ui/dist /data/apps/DjangoAdmin_Django_NaiveVue/ui/
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# 3. 收集 Django 静态文件
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python manage.py collectstatic
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# 4. 拷贝 Nginx 配置
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cp deploy/nginx.conf /etc/nginx/conf.d/djangoadmin.conf
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# 5. 修改配置中的实际值（server_name、root 等）
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# 6. 检查并重载
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nginx -t && nginx -s reload
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```
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## HTTPS 配置
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```nginx
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server {
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listen 443 ssl http2;
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server_name your-domain.com;
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ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/ssl/cert.pem;
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ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/ssl/key.pem;
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ssl_protocols TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;
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ssl_ciphers ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384;
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ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
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ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:10m;
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ssl_session_timeout 1d;
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# HSTS（强制 HTTPS）
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add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains" always;
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# ... 其他 location 配置同上 ...
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}
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# HTTP 自动跳转 HTTPS
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server {
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listen 80;
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server_name your-domain.com;
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return 301 https://$server_name$request_uri;
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}
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```
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:::warning SSL 证书安全
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- 证书文件权限设为 `600`，仅 Nginx 用户可读
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- 禁用 TLSv1.0/1.1，仅保留 TLSv1.2+
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- 推荐 Let's Encrypt 免费证书 + certbot 自动续期
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:::
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## 常用命令
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```bash
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nginx -t # 检查配置语法
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nginx -s reload # 重新加载（不停服）
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nginx -s stop # 停止
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nginx -v # 查看版本
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```
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## 常见问题
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### 502 Bad Gateway
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后端 Django 服务未启动或端口不对。检查：`curl http://127.0.0.1:8000/`
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### 413 Request Entity Too Large
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上传文件超过 `client_max_body_size` 限制，调大该值。
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### 刷新页面 404
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缺少 `try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html`，SPA 路由需要回退到 `index.html`。
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### API 请求走到了前端
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`location /api/` 必须在 `location /` 之前定义，Nginx 按优先级匹配。
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### 静态文件 404
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确保已执行 `python manage.py collectstatic` 收集静态文件，且 Nginx 配置中的 `location /static/` 路径正确。
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## 总结
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Nginx 反向代理是生产部署的标准配置：`/` 服务前端静态资源、`/api/` 反向代理到 Django 后端、`/static/` 服务 Django 静态文件、`/uploads/` 访问上传文件。关键配置包括 `try_files` 支持 SPA 路由、`client_max_body_size` 匹配上传限制、Gzip 压缩和静态资源缓存。
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